:: wikimiki.org ::

Sex Toy

Sex toy

A sex toy is any object or device that is primarily used in facilitating human sexual pleasure. This term can also include BDSM apparatuses. Sex toys do not include contraceptives, pornography, or condoms. A related term is marital aid, often used as a euphemism for sex toys, although marital aid is broader as it can also be applied to drugs and herbs marketed as supposedly enhancing or prolonging sex.

Legal issues

In many areas, such as some U.S. Southern states, the sale of sex toys is either regulated or prohibited, though enforcement is rare. Nonetheless the laws are on the books and these laws prohibiting or regulating "obscene devices" occasionally take center stage. As recently as 1999, an assistant attorney general in Alabama commenting on a case involving sex toys and discussing to what end the devices are used was quoted as saying there is no "fundamental right for a person to buy a device to produce orgasm". It is also common practice for someone to move a motor home near a proposed sex shop as a means of protest to prevent the shop from opening where the law prohibits an "adult" establishment within a certain distance of a dwelling.

Types of sex toys

Male and female

- Anal beads consist of a string of beads which is inserted into the anus and then slowly pulled out to provide a very satisfying stimulation, often at the moment of orgasm, in order to enhance the strength of the orgasm in both men and women.
- Butt plugs are devices that are inserted in the anus, typically to stimulate the prostate gland for pleasure. They should have a flared end to prevent the device from being lost inside the body.
- An electrode is used in erotic electrostimulation to apply electricity to various parts of the body for sexual gratification. A stainless steel urethral sound may be used as such an electrode when connected to electrostimulation equipment.
- G Spot sex toys are dildos or vibrators that are designed, usually with a curved or hooked end, to hit the G Spot
- Sex machines are mechanical devices used to simulate penetrative intercourse, usually, but not always, requiring electric or gas power to function.
- Sexual lubricants are lubricants used to facilitate anal or vaginal sex, or as an aid to masturbation.
- A strap-on dildo and harness, generally strapped to the groin and hips, allows a person to penetrate a partner as if the dildo were the penetrator's own penis. In particular, they allow a woman to penetrate a man anally, referred to as pegging, or another woman vaginally or anally. They may also be used by impotent men to allow them to penetrate their partner; strap-on dildos used this way are generally hollow, rather than solid.
- Sybian is the brand name of a combination of a saddle-shaped mount with a vibrator built onto it.
- Sex dolls more commonly known as "blow up dolls," are imitations of the human form intended for simulation of some sexual acts. They may consist of a representation of a face, the buttocks, genital areas, or the entire body. Most sex dolls are inflatable. Love pillows, especially popular in Japan, are inflatable pillows with a life-size picture of a porn star or anime character and optionally a hole for penetration. More expensive realistic sex dolls exist, such as the Realdoll, the cost of which runs into several thousand dollars.
- Nipple clamps are a family of tools which apply pressure to the nipples. They are often used as BDSM toys or torture devices. Some of them can also provide constant, intense nipple stimulation and heightened sensitivity.
- Sex Games are usually like traditional board or card games but their terminology, content and objectives are sex oriented.

Penile toys

torture
- "Pocket pussies" or "vaginas" or "masturbators" (see Fleshlight) are modeled to accept a penis for simulated intercourse. They can be shaped like vaginas, anuses, or anything with a hole for penetration. The Fleshlight is a popular variant of the 'artificial vagina,' and can be penetrated in a way similar to coitus. See sex machine.
- Cock rings in their most basic form enhance and prolong a man's erection by keeping blood inside the penis. A man may wear a cock ring because he has erectile difficulties, or because he likes the particular sensation of tightness and extreme engorgement that wearing one provides. Some models include a protruding clitoral stimulator, designed to tickle the clitoris during sex. Others vibrate, either vibrating the ring itself, or in a popular 'Dolphin' variant using two removable bullet vibrators to provide stimulation to the testicles and clitoris. Some cock rings have vibrators attached which can be worn to stimulate a partner during sexual intercourse or the scrotum or perineum.
- A triple crown is a cock ring that has additional rings for restraining the testicles. In orgasm, the testicles usually retract towards the body before ejaculation. A triple crown changes and intensifies the sensation of orgasm by forcing the testicles to stay away from the body.
- A cock harness is a more elaborate harness designed to be worn around the penis and scrotum. Its intention is similar to that of a cock ring. Often associated with BDSM activities such as cock and ball torture.
- A penis sleeve is a cylindrical device that is placed on the shaft of the penis, with the aim of increasing stimulation for the person being penetrated. They often have soft bumps intended to provide further stimulation.
- A penis extension is a partially hollow device like a very short dildo, with the hollow end placed on the end of the penis, intended to increase the effective length of the penis, again for the benefit of the person being penetrated. These are generally worn with condoms to stop them falling off in use.
- A docking sleeve is a cylindrical device similar to a penis sleeve, but is open at both ends, so that two men can dock.

Vaginal / Clitoral stimulation

dock
- A dildo is a non-vibrating device which is used for sexual stimulation of the vagina and/or anus. Godemiche is an old word for a dildo in the shape of a penis and scrotum.
- A double-ended dildo is a long, usually flexible dildo with both ends designed for penetration. It allows for mutual penetration between two persons.
- Vibrators are vibrating devices intended to stimulate the nerves of the body. Vibrators intended for sexual use are often dildo-shaped, although they also come in a wide range of shapes and sizes, allowing internal as well as external use. Most women report using vibrators for clitoral stimulation, and as such models designed for this purpose, such as the Eroscillator, a toothbrush-like device, the Hitachi Magic Wand, a powerful muscle massager used on the clitoris, or small and basic egg-sized vibrators.
- Ben Wa balls are hollow metal balls, are inserted vaginally, and can be worn inside the vagina for extended periods of time. The internal rolling is said to enhance orgasms, and enable women with vaginal difficulties to reach orgasm.
- Kegel exercisers, also known as vaginal barbells, are designed to improve muscle tone in the pelvic floor, and can be used for sexual pleasure as well as enhancing vaginal response.

Medical devices sometimes used as sex toys

- Medical specula can be used to stretch a vagina or anus.
- Medical devices such as Wartenberg wheels and disposable sterile needles are also used in some BDSM practices.

Flesh-like materials used in sex toys

- Fleshlight is made of a soft, pliable, lifelike patented material.
- Silicone is soft and lifelike, warms up quickly to body temperature, non-porous therefore easy to clean (with mild soap and water, or boiled for sterilization).
- Cyberskin, also known under other brand names, is currently the closest emulation of real skin. This relatively new material is made of silicone and plastic. It is very porous, making it necessary to clean it very thoroughly (with antibacterial soap and water).
- Jelly is a cheaper, rubber-based material, quite porous, often translucent. It is sometimes scented to mask its strong rubber odor.
- Latex rubber is commonly used. It is cheaper, very porous, but might be allergenic to some people.

References and further reading

- Timothy Archibald. Sex Machines: Photographs and Interviews. Process, 2005. ISBN 0976082233.
- Karlyn Lotney. The Ultimate Guide to Strap-On Sex: A Complete Resource for Women and Men Cleis Press, 2000. ISBN 157344085X.

Human sexual behavior

:This article is about sex acts and practices (i.e., physical sex). Broader aspects of sexual behavior such as social and psychological sexual issues are covered in related articles such as human sexuality, heterosexuality, and homosexuality. Sexual behavior in humans is an instinctive form of physical intimacy. It may be performed for the purposes of reproduction, spiritual transcendence, expressing affection, and/or having fun and enjoying oneself (known in this context as "sexual gratification"). The desire to have sex is one of the basic drives of human behavior.

Sexuality and sensuality

There is no clear borderline between the sexual and nonsexual enjoyment of touching someone else's body. For example, holding hands may or may not have a sexual connotation, depending on culture, situation and other factors. Although the most common form of heterosexual sexual intercourse is universally regarded as sexual contact, there are a wide range of other sexual behaviors that may or may not be socially, legally, or ethically considered as sexual relations. The distinction between the sexual and the nonsexual becomes relevant in judging appropriate behavior, in either a social setting or in the eyes of the law. Some criteria that may be applied are:
- the body parts involved (see also intimate parts)
- physical signs of sexual arousal
- subjective feeling Enjoying touching someone else's body implies enjoying one's own body also; the latter may also happen without another person; enjoying one's own body also may or may not be of a sexual nature. If it is, it is called autoeroticism. The whole of one's sexual activities (including erotic dreams and waking sexual fantasies and daydreams) is called one's sex life.

Desire and fantasy

Sexual desire or libido is the desire for sexual behavior. Most people focus their sexual desire on someone that they have a sexual relationship with, or would desire to have a sexual relationship with. See also sexual arousal, sexual orientation. Many people enjoy fantasizing about, or reading or viewing depictions of, sexual fantasies of activities that they do not wish to engage in in their own lives, or that they would be unable to engage in in their own lives; see pornography and erotica.

Sexual relationships

Opinions and norms vary about whether an emotional bond of a certain intensity and durability should be a prerequisite for sex (see also below). Like other primates, Homo sapiens use sexuality for reproduction and for maintenance of social bonds. It is generally acknowledged that children are capable of feeling sexual pleasure, even if they are not yet able to engage in sexual intercourse with each other, and/or are not yet biologically able to reproduce. Yet, child sexuality has historically been severely limited in western societies; in the late 19th century, the hysteria surrounding so-called "self-abuse" (masturbation) among children reached its peak and fueled the adoption of circumcision (including female circumcision) in some cultures. Many sexual activities can be engaged in by same sex or opposite sex partners. However some, most notably vaginal sexual intercourse, can only be engaged in by partners of opposite sexes. And others, such as tribadism and frication can only be engaged in by partners of the same sex. As with other behaviors, our high intelligence and complex societies have produced in us the most complicated sexual behaviors of any animal. Most people experiment with a range of sexual activities during their lives, though they tend to engage in only a few of these regularly. Most people enjoy some sexual activities. However, most societies have defined some sexual activities as inappropriate (wrong person, wrong activity, wrong time, etc.) Some people enjoy many different sexual activities, while others avoid sexual activities altogether for religious or other reasons (see chastity, sexual abstinence, asexuality). Historically, most societies and religions have viewed sex as appropriate only within marriage. There is still a widespread belief that sex acts are devalued when engaged in outside of a long-term, monogamous romantic relationship, but extra-marital sexual activity and casual sex became increasingly accepted in modern society during the sexual revolution.

Norms and rules

Sexual behavior, like other kinds of social activity, is generally governed by rules which are culturally specific and vary widely (see sexual morality, sexual norms). Some activities are actually illegal in some jurisdictions even between (or among) consenting people (see sex crime, sodomy law, incest). Some people engage in various sexual activities as a business transaction; this is called prostitution. Nearly all cultures consider it a serious crime to force someone to engage in sexual behavior or to engage in sexual behavior with someone who does not consent. This is called sexual assault, and in the case of sexual intercourse it is called rape, the most serious kind of sexual assault. Details on this distinction may vary. Also, precisely what constitutes effective consent to have sex varies from culture to culture and is frequently debated. Laws regulating what constitutes consent, including the minimum age at which a person can consent to have sex, are frequently the subject of debate; see age of consent.

Safety Caution - Read this carefully before proceeding

Danger of causing pregnancy and how to avoid

Body fluids and birth control

All sexual behaviors that involve the contact of semen with the vagina or vulva may result in pregnancy. To prevent pregnancy, many people employ a variety of birth control measures.

Danger of sexually transmitted diseases and how to avoid

All sexual behaviors that involve contact with another person or the bodily fluids of another person entail some risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, which is why safer sex techniques are recommended. These techniques are generally seen as less necessary for those in committed monogamous relationships with persons who have been demonstrated to be free of disease; see fluid bonding.

Screening of sex partners

Due to the extreme risk of death from HIV and AIDS, and due to the risk of severe illness (and possible death) from other sexually transmitted diseases, it is of the utmost importance that potential sex partners be tested for STDs before engaging in sex.

Seeking a Partner

A key sexual behavior throughout the entire animal kingdom is the seeking of a sex partner. Humans are no exception to this rule. A sexual encounter can be the result of the sending signals indicating readiness for sex, and being receptive to reciprocal signals. Or, it might be the result of years of planning, through the use of cultural rituals such as courtship and marriage.

The search for a partner

Before having sex with another person, first it is necessary to find a partner. This may not be easy, as it requires meeting people who are available for a relationship. Where does one look? One will never know when or where one will meet someone they are attracted to, so the simple answer to this question is: everywhere! In the supermarket, in restaurants, at the movies, on the monorail; in short, if you can think it, it's possible. Our society has developed entire industries devoted to enabling this type of communication: nightclubs, singles bars, personal want ads (in newspapers and on the web), dating services, and brothels, to name just a few. Many organizations and clubs sponsor events that bring people with similar interests together. Religious and family connections provide another way for people to meet.

Encounters between potential partners

Once you've located the person you desire to have sex with, the first thing you must do is introduce yourself or position yourself in such a way that he or she will introduce himself or herself to you. But this isn't as simple as it sounds...

Sexual signals

The communication between people that can lead to a sexual liaison -- are necessarily subtle and complex. An overt declaration, e.g. "I would like to have sex with you" is more likely than not to be rebuffed. From early childhood, strategies for successful communication are learned and honed through practice. Much of this communication is nonverbal. By adulthood, the subtleties of meeting the eyes of another, smiling, laughing and flirting have been practiced and learned.

Successful communication

Once a person has taken advantage of opportunities to enter into communication with a potential sex partner, then the likelihood and speed with which that communication will lead to sexual intercourse depends on a combination of cultural norms, the person's desire for a relationship, and skill at interpersonal communication. A successful communication is one that goes two ways. Listening well, including picking up on non-verbal cues, is a crucial skill. Active listening, in which the listener responds to indicate understanding, is a direct route to successful communication.

The fear of rejection

The fear of rejection is common when trying to befriend a potential partner. If the participants are both sensitive to the other's signals, then they can detect quickly whether their sexual objectives are mutual. If they discover soon enough that their objectives are at odds with one another, then a conversation can end before either one loses face, and then each person can seek others with whom to communicate. On the other hand, if the communication results in an escalating sense of intimacy for both participants, then a degree of trust is established that mitigates the fear of rejection.

The use of drugs to enhance communication

Recreational drugs are often used in social settings in the belief that they enhance interpersonal communication. The world's most popular recreational drugs are alcohol, cannabis, caffeine and nicotine.
- Alcohol is sometimes called a "social lubricant" because it reduces inhibitions, including those caused by the fear of rejection. At the same time, though, alcohol impairs judgment, making a person less receptive to subtle signals, which can result in less effective communication. More importantly, this judgement impairment can lead to foolish decision-making regarding sex, such as engaging in sex without testing or protection.
- Cannabis can induce increased appreciation for humor and art, which might improve communication. But at the same time, it can cause one to become introspective, and thus less inclined to communicate.
- Caffeine and nicotine are stimulants. Others include amphetamines and cocaine. Stimulants can increase alertness and improve attention, both of which can improve one's ability to communicate effectively. However, stimulants also have adverse health effects when used in large amounts.

Personal prerequisites to having sex with someone

Many people have special rules they must follow, due to their religious beliefs, morals, or personal preferences before they can have sex with someone.

No prerequisites

This is known as casual sex. You simply ask the person if he or she wants to have sex, or signal your intent through non-verbal cues.

Blood test as a prerequisite for sex

This is a very sensible strategy. One requires that his or her potential sexual partners be tested for AIDS and other STIs before deciding whether or not to have sex with them. The most reliable approach is to contact the clinic or lab directly for the test results (which requires the person who was tested accompany you or give you written permission).

Dating as a prerequisite for sex

Many people follow the rule "no sex on the first date", implying that you have to have more than one date in order to have sex with them. What this actually means is that they want to get to know you first, and if they like you well enough (or fall in love with you), then they will have sex with you.

Falling in love as a prerequisite for sex

For many people, having sex with someone they are not in love with just isn't any fun. For others, waiting until they've found someone they've fallen in love is simply their preference. It's a romantic approach.

Marriage as a prerequisite for sex

Some people believe in not having sex until they are married. Many religions require that one wait until he or she is married before having sex.

Sex acts and practices

- Ageplay
- Anal sex
- Handballing
- Pegging
- Autoeroticism
- Casual sex
- Cross dressing
- Dirty talk
- Fisting
- Foreplay (aka "petting")
- Lingerie (erotic clothing)
- Cross dressing
- Group sex
- Swinging
- Gangbanging
- Orgies
- Menage a trois (threesomes)
- Hogging
- Masturbation
- Anal masturbation
- Sex toys, using
- Handballing
- Oral sex
- Chili dog
- Cunnilingus
- Fellatio
- Rimming
- Felching
- Tea bagging
- Snowballing
- Outercourse
- Play piercing
- Pornography
- Premarital sex
- Roleplay
- Safe sex
- Seduction
- Sensual massage
- Sex positions
- Sex toys, using
- Vibrators
- Dildos
- Strap-on dildos
- Sybians
- Butt-plugs
- Sexual lubricants
- Sex dolls
- Nipple clamps
- Thumb clamps and Toe clamps
- Anal beads
- Sex games
- Pocket pussies or Masturbation sleeves
- Fleshlights
- Cock-rings
- Penis sleeves
- Penis extensions
- Ben wah balls
- Kegel exercisers
- Sexual fetishism
- Sexual intercourse
- Vaginal sex
- Sexual roleplaying
- Wax play There are many variations of the above activities. Many of these are included in the comprehensive list of sex positions. There are many names for the above acts. For a comprehensive treatment of these, see the list of sexual slang. Generally less common, but still widespread, are the various paraphilias. Some of the more common ones are:
- BDSM
- List of BDSM organizations
- List of BDSM equipment
- Bondage
- List of bondage positions
- S&M
- Sexual masochism is the recurrent urge or behavior of wanting to be humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer.
- Sexual sadism is the recurrent urge or behavior involving acts in which the pain or humiliation of the victim is sexually exciting.
- Discipline
- Domination and submission
- Impact play
- Erotic Spanking
- Flogging
- Paddling
- Caning
- Exhibitionism is the recurrent urge or behavior to expose one's genitals to an unsuspecting person
- Fetishism is the use of non-sexual or nonliving objects to gain sexual excitement.
- Foot fetishism
- Leather fetishism
- Rubber fetishism
- Spanking
- Transvestic fetishism is wearing clothes of another gender for sexual reasons.
- Pedophilia is the sexual attraction to prepubescent children.
- Perversion
- Polyamory
- Pygmalionism
- Polyamory
- Frotteurism is the recurrent urges or behavior of touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person.
- Tribadism
- Voyeurism is the recurrent urge or behavior to observe an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing or engaging in sexual activities. Some forms of sexual activity involve someone else, but not touching the other:
- Dirty talk
- Phone sex
- Cybersex
- Exhibitionism
- voyeurism Other special forms of human sexual behaviour:
- Prostitution
- Orgies
- Role-playing

Different-gender sexual practices

Different-gender sexual practices are sexual activities between two or more individuals of more than one gender, usually one man and one woman. People who engage exclusively in different-gender sexual practices do not necessarily identify themselves as straight or heterosexual, though (unlike homosexual for same-gender sexual practices) most definitions of "heterosexual" would include them despite varying levels of activity, frequency, and interest. In fact, they may identify themselves as straight or heterosexual, bisexual, or not at all. Likewise, an individual who practices both same and different sex sexual behaviour may identify himself or herself as gay, lesbian, bisexual, straight, or not at all. Many situations, like public high school, and cultural factors, such as anti-gay bias and harassment, heterosexism and heteronormativity, may cause or encourage people who ordinarily would not have sexual relationships with people of a different gender to do so, but once gay people are away from such situations, they will usually return to same-sex sexual activity. In other cases, people may experiment with different (and/or same) gender sexual activity before settling on a sexual identity, if ever. Though often associated with gay men, anal sex is a common different-gender sexual practice. The anus is "tighter" than the vagina and thus may be preferable to the male during penetration; additionally, many people enjoy flouting cultural sexual taboos. Anal sex is not advisable as birth control as it is still possible, though unlikely, for semen to enter the vagina. Different-gender anal sex is also often practiced where the woman penetrates the man with a strap-on dildo, known as pegging. Different-sex sexual practices are limited by laws in America and many other places. In America marriage laws may serve the purpose of encouraging people to only have sex (and children) within marriage. Sodomy laws may be seen as encouraging different-sex sexual practices. Laws also ban adults from committing sexual abuse, committing sexual activities with anyone under an age of consent, performing sexual activities in public, and engaging in sexual activities for money (prostitution), though these laws all cover same-sex sexual activities they may differ with regards punishment and may more frequently or only be enforced on same-sex sexual activities. Laws also control the making and viewing of pornography, including different-sex sexual activities. Courting, or dating, is the process through which people choose potential sexual and/or marital partners. Among straight (presumably middle-class) teenagers and adolescents in the mid-20th century in America, dating was something one could do with multiple people before choosing to "go steady" with only one, the eventual goal being either sex, marriage, or both. More recently dating has become what going steady was and the latter term has fallen into disuse. Different-sex sexual practices may be monogamous, serially monogamous, or polyamorous, and, depending on the definition of sexual practice, abstinent or autoerotic (including masturbation). Different moral and political movements have waged for changes in different-sex sexual practices including courting and marriage, though changes are usually made only slowly in all countries. Especially in the USA, campaigns have often sparked and been fueled by moral panic. There, movements to discourage same-sex sexual practices often claim to be strengthening different-sex sexual practices within marriage, such as Defense of Marriage Act and the proposed Federal Marriage Amendment.

Same-gender sexual practices

Same-gender sexual practices are sexual activities involving two or more individuals of the same gender. It is possible for homosexual acts to be committed by those who self-identify as heterosexual. i.e., mutual masturbation in the context of what may be considered "normal" heterosexual teen development. Homosexual males who pretend to lead a life of heterosexuality are often referred to as living "closeted" lives, that is, they hide their sexuality in the "closet". The term "closet case" is a derogatory term used by homosexuals to refer to another homosexual that pretends to be heterosexual. Despite stereotypes and common misconceptions, there are no forms of sexual activity exclusive to same-gender sexual behavior that can not also be found in opposite-gender sexual behavior, save those involving contact of the same sex genitalia. (see tribadism, frot) Certain situations, like incarceration or single-sex schools and other sex-segregated environments, may often lead people who would not ordinarily seek sex with others of their own gender to this kind of sexual behavior. In other cases, some people may experiment or explore their sexuality with same (and/or different) gender sexual activity before defining their sexual identity. Health campaigns and officials often seek to target self-identified "straight" or bisexual "Men who have Sex with Men" or "Men who like Sex with Men" (MSM) as opposed to self-identified "gay" or homosexual men. People who engage exclusively in same-sex sexual practices do not necessarily identify themselves as "gay" or "lesbian", and different definitions of homosexual may include or exclude people with varying levels of activity, frequency, or interest. Among some sectors of African-American homosexual sub-culture (called "men on the DL" or "down-low"), same-sex sexual behavior is sometimes viewed as solely for physical pleasure. Men on the "down-low" may engage in regular (though often covert) sex acts with other men while continuing sexual and romantic relationships with women. These men often shun the more commonly-known "gay" as a term applying to stereotypically flamboyant and effeminate men of European ancestry there, a group from which some may wish to distance themselves. Some sociologists and researchers in queer studies have suggested that this mostly African-American subculture may have come about because of stronger stigmas against same-sex behavior in African-American communities, and, due to more widespread poverty, greater dependence on possibly homophobic family networks for support. See also: cottaging, cruising for sex, gay bathhouse, men who have sex with men.

Legal issues

Various forms of same-gender sexual activity have been prohibited under law in many areas at different times in history. In 2003, the Lawrence v Texas United States Supreme Court decision overturned all such laws in the US. Usually, though not always, such laws are termed sodomy laws, but also include issues such as age of consent laws, "decency" laws, and so forth. Laws prohibiting same-gender sexuality have varied widely throughout history, varying by culture, religious and social taboos and customs, etc. Often such laws are targeted or applied differently based on gender as well. For example, laws against same-gender sexual behavior in England during the reign of Queen Victoria, sodomy or "buggery" laws were aimed specifically at male same-gender sexual activity and did not target or even address female same-gender sexual activity. A well known example of such laws applied in modern times can be found in Alan Turing.

External links

- [http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SEN/INDEX.HTM Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia]
- [http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/IES/BEGIN.HTM The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality] Sexual behavior Sexual behavior Sexual behavior Sexual behavior Sexual behavior Sexual behavior ja:性行為

Contraceptive

:For the Krautrock band, see Birth Control (band) Birth control is a regimen of one or more extra actions, devices, or medications followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelihood of a woman becoming pregnant. Methods and intentions typically termed birth control may be considered a pivotal ingredient to family planning. Mechanisms which are intended to reduce the likelihood of the fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon may more specifically be referred to as contraception. Contraception differs from abortion in that the former prevents fertilization, whereas abortion terminates an already established pregnancy. Methods of birth control which may prevent the implantation of an embryo if fertilization occurs are controversially described by either term — see morning-after pill for a more complete discussion. Birth control is a controversial political and ethical issue in many cultures and religions, and although it is generally less controversial than abortion specifically, it is still opposed by many. There are various degrees of opposition, including those who oppose all forms of birth control short of sexual abstinence; those who oppose forms of birth control they deem "unnatural", while allowing natural family planning; and those who support most forms of birth control that prevent fertilization, but oppose any method of birth control which prevents a fertilized embryo from attaching to the uterus and initiating a pregnancy.

History of birth control

uterus Probably the oldest methods of contraception are coitus interruptus, barrier methods, herbal abortifacients, and attempts to arrange intercourse to coincide with a woman's non-fertile times, colloquially known as the "rhythm method". While it seems as if the rhythm method would have been a good choice, scientists did not figure out the details of the human menstrual cycle until the early 20th century. Due to inconsistencies in the human body, this method is also very unreliable. Coitus interruptus (withdrawal of the penis from the vagina prior to ejaculation) probably predates any other form of birth control. Once the relationship between the emission of semen into the vagina and pregnancy was known or suspected, some men probably managed to think through the haze of passion and withdraw in time. This is not a particularly reliable method of contraception, as the small amount of fluid secreted prior to ejaculation (pre-ejaculate or "Cowper's fluid") can still contain sperm (this is explained below). Folklore has suggested douching immediately following intercourse as a contraceptive method, and while it seems like a sensible idea to try to wash the ejaculate out of the vagina, it does not work due to the nature of the fluids and the structure of the female reproductive tract — if anything, douching spreads semen further towards the uterus. Some slight spermicidal effect may occur if the douche solution is particularly acidic, but overall it is not scientifically observed to be a reliably effective method. The reason both withdrawal and douching are usually not very effective is that the male ejaculate typically consists of approximately 5ml (1 teaspoon) of fluid carrying in excess of 500,000,000 sperm, of which only one is needed to cause reproduction. Thus even a tiny amount of ejaculate can be more than enough. Additionally, prior to ejaculation, a man typically releases small amounts of seminal fluid and sperm ("pre-ejaculate") as a result of becoming sexually aroused, during the erection, and while the penis is being stimulated by the vagina during sexual intercourse. It is theorized that pre-ejaculate is in part an attempt by the penis to assist in lubricating the vagina, and as an attempt to ameliorate the acidity of the female vagina and the male urethra (acidity caused by the usual use of the penis to excrete urine). These small amounts of pre-ejaculate can contain sperm if sperm were present in the urethra as the fluid passed through. And again, only one sperm is needed to cause impregnation. There are historic records of Egyptian women using a pessary (a vaginal suppository) made of various acidic substances (crocodile dung is alleged) and lubricated with honey or oil, which may have been somewhat effective at killing sperm. However, it is important to note that the sperm cell was not discovered until Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in the late 17th century, so barrier methods employed prior to that time could not know of the details of conception. Asian women may have used oiled paper as a cervical cap, and Europeans may have used beeswax for this purpose. The condom appeared sometime in the 17th century, initially made of a length of animal intestine. It was not particularly popular, nor as effective as modern latex condoms, but was employed both as a means of contraception and in the hopes of avoiding syphilis, which was greatly feared and devastating prior to the discovery of antibiotic drugs. Various abortifacients have been used throughout human history, but are not considered by some to be birth control. Some of these were effective, some were not; those that were most effective also had major side effects. The ingestion of certain poisons by the female can disrupt the reproductive system; women have drunk solutions containing mercury, arsenic, or other toxic substances for this purpose. The Greek gynaecologist Soranus in the 2nd century AD suggested that women drink water that blacksmiths had used to cool metal. The herbs tansy and pennyroyal are well-known in folklore as abortive agents, but these also "work" by poisoning the woman. Levels of the active chemicals in these herbs that will induce a miscarriage are high enough to damage the liver, kidneys, and other organs, making them very dangerous. However, in those times where risk of maternal death from postpartum complications was high, the risks and side effects of toxic medicines may have seemed less onerous. It is also believed that black cohosh tea will also be effective in certain cases as an abortifacient. There are references in Arabic history to traders inserting a small stone into the uterus of a camel in order to prevent it from conceiving, a concept very similar to the modern IUD, but it seems unlikely that this was used as a contraceptive method for humans since knowledge of the female reproductive tract was very limited until the 20th century, and surgical techniques were poor. Prior to 1939, Gräfenberg's ring, a flexible ring of silver wire, was inserted into the uterus of a woman as a contraceptive. Oral contraceptives did not appear until the mid-20th century, when scientists better understood the process of conception and advances in biochemistry allowed for the isolation (and later synthesis) of the hormones controlling the cycle.

Traditional birth control methods

- celibacy, or sexual abstinence (some may consider these be more properly called alternatives to birth control)
- non-vaginal sex, such as
- sex without penetration ("outercourse")
- anal sex or oral sex
- withdrawal, i.e. coitus interruptus
- the rhythm method

Modern birth control methods

rhythm method
- Barrier methods, often combined with a spermicides
- Condom
- Female condom
- Diaphragm: conventional Diaphragm and one-size-fits all version Lea's shield
- Cervical cap
- Contraceptive sponge
- Intra vas device - curently being tested.
- Chemical methods
- Combined estrogen & progesterone:
- Combined oral contraceptive pill ("The Pill") and in high single doses as Emergency contraceptive pill
- Contraceptive patch
- The Ring (vaginally inserted)
- Progesterone used alone:
- Progesterone only pill also used as high single dose Emergency contraceptive pill
- Depo Provera
- Implants (such as Norplant)
- Male oral contraceptive pill
- Intrauterine methods
- Intrauterine Device ("IUD") which may also be used for Emergency contraception
- IntraUterine System ("IUS")
- Fertility Awareness Methods aka Natural family planning
- Basal body temperature
- Billings ovulation method
- Sympto-thermal
- Cervical mucus method
- Lactational amenorrhea method
- Abortion methods (not considered by some to be birth control, since pregnancy occurs)
- Surgical abortion
- Chemical abortion
- Herbal abortifacients
- Surgical sterilization
- Tubal ligation for women
- Vasectomy for men Condoms and herbal birth control methods existed before the modern era. The herbal methods were of various degrees of efficacy, and were available in China and Europe.

Religious and cultural attitudes toward birth control

Protestant Christianity

Christianity in general has had mixed opinions towards contraception and its role in society in recent years. Prior to the 1930s, contraception was generally condemned by all the major branches of Christianity, including by major reformers like Luther and Calvin. This condemnation was relaxed by the Anglican Communion at the 1930 Lambeth Conference, and most Protestant groups followed suit over the course of the 20th century, though some individual Protestants adhere to the traditional view that contraception is wrong. :"The Church of England does not regard contraception as a sin or a contravention of God's purpose." — Church of England, Science, Medicine, Technology and the Environment (2005) [http://www.cofe.anglican.org/info/socialpublic/smte.html#contraception] :"Sex is a powerful drive, and for most of human history it was firmly linked to marriage and childbearing. Only relatively recently has the act of sex commonly been divorced from marriage and procreation. Modern contraceptive inventions have given many an exaggerated sense of safety and prompted more people than ever before to move sexual expression outside the marriage boundary." — Focus on the Family, Abstinence Policy (2005) [http://www.family.org/cforum/fosi/abstinence/] Among Protestant Christianity, the sizeable ELCA, which includes a large number of US Lutheran churches, makes the following statement: :When [having children] is not their intention, the responsible use of safe, effective contraceptives is expected of the male and the female. Respect and sensitivity should also be shown toward couples who do not feel called to conceive and/or rear children, or who are unable to do so. This is a fairly overt acceptance of modern contraceptives. The other major Lutheran and Presbyterian associations, as well as other Protestant groups in general, may take other positions. Since the 1980s, a Protestant, evangelical movement known as Quiverfull has arisen which advocates having large families and not using birth control.

Catholic Christianity

Like pre-1930s Protestantism, the Catholic Church has been morally opposed to contraception and orgasmic acts outside of the context of fully natural marital intercourse as far back as one can historically trace. For instance, the 2nd century Epistle of Barnabas takes it for granted that oral sex is immoral. The official position of the Catholic Church regarding birth control is expressed very clearly in Pope Pius XI's 1930 encyclical entitled Casti Connubii. It was written in response to the Anglican (then-recent) approval of artificial means of contraception when used in cases of grave necessity. :Since, therefore, openly departing from the uninterrupted Christian tradition some recently have judged it possible solemnly to declare another doctrine regarding this question, the Catholic Church, ... in order that she may preserve the chastity of the nuptial union from being defiled by this foul stain, ... proclaims anew: any use whatsoever of matrimony exercised in such a way that the act is deliberately frustrated in its natural power to generate life is an offense against the law of God and of nature, and those who indulge in such are branded with the guilt of a grave sin. In 1968 Pope Paul VI released an encyclical titled Humanae Vitae, which again forbade chemical and barrier methods but suggested natural methods such as the rhythm method or natural family planning might be considered in cases of necessity, a suggestion some see implicit in Casti Connubii as well. These methods are known as "periodic abstinence" and are argued to be morally different from positively modifying the couple's fertility, since the modus operandi is abstinence, albeit not all the time. :"The Church, nevertheless, in urging men to the observance of the precepts of the natural law, which it interprets by its constant doctrine, teaches that each and every marital act must of necessity retain its intrinsic relationship to the procreation of human life." — Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae (1968) [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html] Couples seeking marriage in the Catholic Church are in most dioceses required to undergo counseling by a Catholic priest. In the past priests led couples seeking to delay children to rhythm, today they are instructed to point new couples toward the more effective methods of natural family planning. The Church has repeatedly stated its position that condoms are not adequate prevention for sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS, claiming that they are expensive, fallible and liable to provide a false sense of security. Instead the Church argues for sexual abstinence and faithful marital relationships. The Catholic doctrine that using birth control is morally forbidden has been criticized as adding to poverty, destitution and overpopulation. Others argue that the Church's refusal to allow missionaries to endorse morally forbidden practices (such as condom use) in Africa has exacerbated the AIDS epidemic there. In response, the Church notes that there is more than enough food and other resources on the planet for everyone, and that there is no correlation between population density and wealth or poverty. Some of the richest countries in the world have the densest populations, and vice versa. Supporters of birth control argue that economic growth which allows for a high population density without poverty is a direct function of the availability of birth control, as it leads to smaller families who can support themselves and provide their children with education. However, in the USA, for example, births outside of wedlock have dramatically increased since contraception was legalized. While many people in third world countries regard children as their only defense against destitution by serving as providers and support for the extended family, supporters of birth control argue that the dependency on child labor is a vicious cycle. A higher availability of children as labor theoretically pushes down wages; more children require more food, which in turn requires the employment of children to bring in the food. In addition to the argument from the essentially unanimous pre-20th century Christian tradition prohibition contraception, Catholic philosophers have proposed three types of philosophical arguments. These arguments are not official Church teaching, but attempts to give a philosophical argument for what might also be accepted on faith. St. Thomas Aquinas claimed that it was wrong to perform a positive act that deliberately frustrates the primary purpose of a human organ. According to his theory, if the sexual organs have reproduction as their primary purpose, then it follows that contraception is wrong. Opponents of this argument claim that frustration of the primary purpose of an organ is not necessarily wrong (see blindfold or earplug or handcuff) and that the sexual organs have interpersonal union as a co-primary purpose. As a defense of the teaching of Humanae Vitae, Catholic thinkers John Finnis and Germain Grisez gave a new argument. They considered what it is that is wrong about killing people, and concluded that what is wrong about murder is that one is acting directly and positively against the value of human life. Since birth control when it is done by a positive act such as swallowing a pill or putting on a condom (but not when it is "done" in a negative way, i.e., through abstinence), is directly aimed at preventing the formation of life, it is an act directly and positively against the value of human life, and hence wrong. The Finnis and Grisez argument appears to have the consequence that use of non-abortifacient contraception in cases of danger of rape is also wrong when done to prevent conception. However the Catholic Church has no official teaching on the morality of using non-abortifacient contraception (limited to use of condoms or other barrier methods or spermicides) by those being raped. Because the Church teaches that a human life is to be respected from the very moment of conception, any form of contraception known to have the possible effect of destroying a human zygote, embryo or fetus (the pill, IUD, Norplant, or morning after pill, etc.) is considered immoral. Finally, a number of thinkers of the "personalist school", most notably Karol Cardinal Wojtyła, who was to become Pope John Paul II, argued that contraception is contrary to the interpersonal union that sexual intercourse should cement. The most popular form of this argument asserts that sexual union should involve total mutual bodily self-giving if it is not to be a form of self-deceit. Contraception holds back something significant, namely fertility, and hence is argued to be objectively anti-unitive, even if the couple subjectively feels united (that something is held back is clearest in the case of barrier methods, but it is argued that other methods still involve holding something back from giving). But to act anti-unitively is, it is argued, to act against marital love, and this is wrong. A variant version of this argument states that non-contracepted intercourse makes the couple a biological unit. What makes them a biological unit is that their organs are working together, biologically striving for reproduction, even if the intercourse is at a time when reproduction is biologically impossible. But to deliberately and positively act to make reproduction impossible is to set one's will directly against the activity of the organs that are putatively uniting the couple, and hence against the union of the two persons. Some Catholic thinkers have also employed versions of this biological unit account of intercourse to argue against orgasmic homosexual activity.

Islam

The Qur'an does not make any explicit statements about the morality of contraception, but contains statements encouraging procreation. Various interpretations have been set forth over time, and at the time of this writing, discussions on the web can be found easily that take various positions. Early Muslim literature discusses various contraceptive methods, and a study sponsored by the Egyptian government concluded that not only was azl (coitus interruptus) acceptable from a moral standpoint, but any similar method that did not produce sterility was also acceptable. :"It is permissible to use condoms so long as this does not cause any harm and so long as both husband and wife consent to their use, because this is similar to ‘azl (coitus interruptus or “withdrawal”). But it reduces the sensation of pleasure, which is the right of both partners, and reduces the chance of conception, which is also the right of both partners. Neither one of them is allowed to deprive the other of these rights. And Allaah is the course of strength." - islamic-paths.org, Sex and Sexuality in Islam - Condoms (2005) [http://www.islamic-paths.org/Home/English/Issues/Sexuality/Condoms.htm] However, there are several schools of thought on this as well as other issues concerning Islamic morality. In Iran, an Islamic country, contraceptive methods are not only taught to married couples, but also encouraged to youngsters through posters and advertisements.

Judaism

The Jewish view on birth control currently varies between the Orthodox, Conservatve, and Reform branches of Judaism. Among Orthodox Judaism, use of birth control has been considered only acceptable for use in limited circumstances. Conservatives, while generally encouraging its members to follow the traditional Jewish views on birth control has been more willing to allow greater acceptations regarding its use to fit better within modern society. Reform Judaism has generally been the most liberal with regard to birth control allowing individual followers to use their own judgment in what, if any birth control methods they might wish to employ. Among traditional interpretations of the Torah, active prevention of pregnancy is in violation of the commandment "be fruitful and multiply" (Genesis 1:22). Some Rabbinic authorities further consider the possibility (generally not accepted) that a union that by definition cannot lead to pregnancy would amount to "spilling seed", the sin of Onan (Genesis 38:9). The option of contraception is raised by the Talmud (tractate Yevamot 12b), where the use of a pessary is discussed for women who are too young to get pregnant, presently pregnant, or nursing. In each case either the woman or her child is at risk for serious complications, and this is the basis for many rabbinic authorities permitting contraception in situations where pregnancy would seriously harm the woman. In those cases, the most "natural" method is preferred; as the use of a condom or pessary creates a physical barrier, "the pill" (or an intrauterine device) is preferred by most authorities. Contraceptive measures that lead to sterility, especially male sterility (e.g. through vasectomy), are problematic, and a sterilized man may have to separate from his wife (based on Deuteronomy 23:2). Such regulations regarding contraception affect the traditional streams of Judaism (including, but not limited to the Ultra-Orthodox and Modern-Orthodox sects) more so than others because of their strict adherence to Halakhah, or Jewish law. These regulations affect liberal strains of Judaism (including, but not limited to, the Reform, Reconstructionist, and Conservative movements; particularly in Western society) much less, where the emphasis is on applying Halakhah to modern life rather than observing it strictly. Many modern Jews feel that the benefits of contraception, be they female health, family stability, or disease prevention, uphold the commandment in Judaism to "choose life" much more strongly than they violate the commandment to "be fruitful and multiply". When Orthodox Jewish couples contemplate the use of contraceptives, they generally consult a rabbi who evaluates the need for the intervention and which method is preferable from a halachic point of view. Generally, the introduction of oral contraceptives has not caused the stir in Jewish circles that it caused in other religious groups. It was followed by a number of responsa from rabbinic decisors (poskim) which outlined the proper approach to the new phenomenon. There has been surprisingly little talk of the potential risk of increased promiscuity (z'nut). For example, an innovative use of the contraceptive pill in Judaism is employed by young brides. The laws of family purity state that intercourse cannot take place while a woman is menstruating (see niddah). In order to decrease the chance of menstruation occurring just before (or on) the wedding night, many brides briefly regulate their periods in the months leading up to their wedding.

Quotes

Every one believes in birth control....it may be at 2 or 6 or 10, but eventually everyone believes in birth control. -Ray Niehoff

References

- Riddle, John M. (1999). Eve's Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West. Harvard MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674270266 (An encyclopedic historical study of uses of contraceptive and abortifacient herbs from the ancient world to the modern era by a leading expert on ancient Greek pharmacology.)

External links

- [http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles/AnscombeChastity.shtml G. E. M. Anscombe: Contraception and Chastity]
- [http://www.arhp.org/healthcareproviders/resources/contraceptionresources/ Contraception Resource Center from the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals.]
- [http://www.consumerreports.org/main/content/display_report.jsp?FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=551087&ASSORTMENT%3C%3East_id=333141&bmUID=1115189369630 A Guide to Condoms and birth control methods.]
- [http://www.alternet.org/rights/22062/ "The Contraception Museum"] (The History of Contraception Museum, Cleveland, Ohio, US.)
- [http://www.birth-control.ws/ Descriptions of various birth control options.]
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3176982.stm Vatican in HIV condom row]
-
- ja:避妊 ko:피임 simple:Birth control

Condom

:This article is about the contraceptive device. For the town in France, see Condom, France. Condom, France A condom is a device, usually made of latex, that is used during sexual intercourse to reduce the risk of pregnancy and/or sexually transmitted diseases (STD) such as gonorrhea, syphilis and HIV. Condoms are also often used to keep a sex toy clean, such as a strap-on dildo, both making cleanup easier, and in cases of toys shared between partners, helping provide STD protection. Condoms do not protect against all forms of STDs. They are also known as prophylactics, as well as a number of colloquial or slang terms, such as rubbers. Folk etymology claims, without basis, that the word "condom" is derived from a purported "Dr. Condom" or "Quondam", who made the devices for King Charles II of England. There is no evidence that any such "Dr. Condom" existed.

Overview

Charles II of England The first efforts at making condoms involved the use of woven fabrics. These were not effective, as both disease-carrying virii as well as sperm could fit between the woven fibers. The earliest effective condoms were made of sheep gut or other animal membrane. These are still available today because of their greater ability to transmit body warmth and tactile sensation, when compared to synthetic condoms, but they are not as effective in preventing pregnancy and disease. Mass production of condoms started in the mid-19th century, shortly after the invention of the rubber vulcanization process. Until the 1930s, condoms were made from rubber; they were still quite uncomfortable and expensive (though reusable) and thus only available to a small part of the population. When latex condoms at last became available in late 1930s, it was a leap forward in effectiveness and affordability. However, before the middle of the 20th century, many places outlawed the sale of condoms, and many subsequently allowed their sale "only for the prevention of disease". During this ban, they come under many aliases such as "rubber sponges". One of the early condom brands was called "Merry Widows". 20th century Latex condoms are packaged in a rolled-up form, and are designed to be applied to the tip of the penis and then rolled over the erect penis. They have a "right side" and a "wrong side" when rolled up, and the first thing the user must do is to determine which side is which before attempting to apply them. Any touching of the penis to the wrong side of the rolled-up condom before application potentially contaminates the outside with bodily fluid, defeating the condom's purpose. Early latex condoms were very similar, but later some came to have reservoir tips to contain ejaculated semen. One relatively early innovation, the 'short cap', only covered the head of the penis. These were not useful condoms, as there was still contact between the partners' genitals, and bodily fluids could easily spill out of the cap. semen In recent decades, however, condom makers have diversified in colors, sizes and shapes. Flavors or designs thought to have stimulating properties are sometimes added. Such stimulating properties include enlarged tips or pouches to more fit the glans penis better and textured surfaces such as ribbing or studs (small bumps). Many condoms have spermicidal lubricant added, but it is not an effective substitute for separate spermicide use. lubricant.]] Condoms made from natural materials (such as those labeled "lambskin", made from lamb intestines) are not as effective at preventing disease. A few companies are today also making condoms from polyethylene and polyurethane, expected to be as effective as, but less tested than, latex. These condoms have the advantage of being compatible with oil-based lubricants. They can also be used by people who have a latex allergy. As a method of contraception, condoms have the advantage of being easy to use, having few side-effects, and of offering protection against sexually transmitted diseases. With typical use, condoms have an 85% success rate per year in regard to preventing pregnancy - but with proper knowledge and application technique, the success rate climbs to over 98%, with near-total success when combined with a vaginal spermicide or oral contraception. Among their disadvantages, many complain that putting them on can interrupt foreplay and lovemaking. (Others who have integrated wearing a condom as part of the entire process for sexual activity, however, do not consider this bothersome.) Because of an obvious barrier of the skins, sensory stimulation is sacrificed, causing some people to dismiss condoms as limiting their pleasure (though this effect can be largely overcome by properly applying lubricants internally and externally). However, a woman can partially solve this problem by training her vaginal muscles, specifically the pubococcygeus. These drawbacks of condoms, among others, are often cited as reasons by those who decide not to use them.

Condom failure

Most condom failures are due to misuse. This has led some researchers to suggest age-appropriate sex education that includes how to use a condom properly. A 1994 FHI study showed that most condom users rarely experience condom breakage or slippage. [http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/factsheets/breakslip.htm] According to the World Health Organization [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs243/en/], condoms currently work successfully 97% of the time at twelve months, when used properly and consistently. Another possible, though rare, cause of condom failure is outright sabotage. One motive is to have a child against a partner's wishes, known to be done by men and women alike. Saboteurs usually pierce the condom's tip multiple times before intercourse. As this can result in pregnancies unwanted by one of the participants, it is generally seen as a deceitful and unethical act. However, at least one website is set up to provide advice on sabotage to women who want a child against their male partner's wishes. Sabotage as a teen prank has also been portrayed (in passing) in the Japanese film Pikanchi. One method of testing condoms for microscopic holes involves placing the condom being tested over one conducting form with another on the other side of the condom. If the condom does not prevent an electric current from flowing between the two conducting forms, it fails the test. Holes in condoms are unlikely if proper handling conditions (see below) are followed.

Proper use

:Image: Putting on a condom (click to view-actual penis). The use of male condoms involves the following:
- Condoms should never be stored in hot places like car glove-compartments or wallets kept in pockets close to the body, as prolonged exposure to heat damages latex.
- Sharp fingernails can damage condoms.
- Condoms are best put on the erect penis as soon as an erection is achieved and before any contact with the other person's body, and should always be put on before contact with a vagina or anus.
- Retracting the foreskin before putting on a condom maximizes mobility and reduces the risk of breakage during intercourse.
- The spermicide Nonoxynol-9 can increase the risk of transmitting sexually transmitted diseases by causing tiny abrasions on the vaginal wall. Nonoxynol-9 is the most commonly used spermicide for spermicidally lubricated condoms.
- Room needs to be left at the tip of a condom to hold semen. Most condoms have a reservoir tip that should be pinched while applying the condom to avoid trapping an air bubble which could burst later.
- Water-based sexual lubricants, such as KY Jelly, are safe for use with condoms, but oil-based lubricants, such as Vaseline, weaken latex and cause it to tear or develop holes. Lubrication can be used to reduce the abrasion on the condom during vaginal sex, and is virtually essential for anal sex.
- Some condoms are designed specifically for anal sex. The material is slightly thicker, making these condoms less likely to tear than those designed for vaginal sex.
- Condoms should be discarded after the expiration date on the package. Even ones that seem fine past that date may be more likely to burst later.
- The penis should be withdrawn immediately after ejaculation, even if the erection can be maintained; leaving it in leads to needless risk.
- The base of the condom should be held during withdrawal to prevent the condom from slipping off.
- One's hands and penis should be washed before further physical contact with another person (including the sexual partner).
- Condoms are for single use only, and should never be reused.
- Condoms are available in special sizes for people who require larger or smaller ones.
- Practicing applying condoms alone in a well lighted place can help a man learn to apply it correctly before using them for sex. General instructions for putting on a male condom are as follows: # Check the expiry date on the condom wrapper - Condoms have a printed expiry date and batch number. Do not use out of date condoms. # Gently apply pressure to the condom wrapper to make sure it has a slight pillow-like quality to it, indicating air inside and proper and unbroken sealing. Otherwise air may have escaped from tear or punctures and the condom itself may be damaged as well. # Exercising caution, open the foil (or plastic) wrapper along one side. Be careful not to damage the condom with sharp objects. # If the condom is sticky or brittle, discard it and use another one. # Press firmly together the tip of the condom to expel air that may be trapped inside the condom. Air pockets can cause the condom to burst. This tip is there to contain the discharge in ejaculation. # Ensure that the penis is fully erect — a condom may fall off the penis which is only partially erect. # Check that the condom is in the right direction to unroll down the penis and before unrolling put it on the tip of the penis. If you accidentally try to put it on the wrong way, discard it and start over with a new condom. Touching the wrong side of the condom with the penis can transfer bodily fluids, defeating its purpose. # Unroll the condom over the shaft of the penis. Unroll it all the way. If it does not unroll, it is on the wrong way and you must start over with a new condom. # Make sure the condom isn't loose or at risk of coming off. # Do not allow the penis to go flaccid at any time while wearing or putting on the condom; You will have to discard the condom otherwise. All 12-packs of condoms come with these or similar instructions, and may contain additional information; be sure to read these instructions if you have never used a condom before. It is important that a condoms fits properly. It should be snug about the penis, with no wrinkles, but it should not be too tight. If a condom is too small, it is more likely to burst, or to roll off. If a condom is too large, it may slide off. A wide range of sizes is available. Some find that it is beneficial to experiment with different brands of condoms at home, while masturbating, in order to find a good fit.

Effectiveness of condoms in preventing STDs

According to a [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dmid/stds/condomreport.pdf study] by the National Institutes of health, correct and consistent condom use:
- reduces the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission by approximately 85%.
- reduces the risk of gonorrhea for men by approximately 71%.
- may reduce the risk of HPV-associated diseases. Other STDs may be affected as well, but they could not draw definite conclusions from the research they were working with. An [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12288250&dopt=Abstract article] in The American journal of gynecologic health showed that "all women who correctly and consistently used Reality were protected from Trichomonas vaginalis" (referring to a particular brand of female condom).

Prevalence of condoms

Condoms are most accessible in developed countries. In various cultures, a number of social or economic factors make access to condoms prohibitive. In some cases, cultural beliefs may cause some persons to shun condoms deliberately even when they are available. [http://12.31.13.116/HealthNews/Reuters/20040302elin014.htm] Furthermore, regardless of culture and availability, many men shun condoms simply because they dislike using them. This dislike may be due either to a belief that condoms reduce sexual pleasure or to practical problems, e.g. difficulty in sustaining an erection hard enough for effective condom use. Embarrassment about actually purchasing condoms in the first place also occurs, but such privacy concerns are answered when condoms can be sold in vending machines in public toilets, and later through the Internet.

Female condoms

Recently "female condoms" or "femidoms" (not to be confused with femdoms) have become available. They are larger than male condoms and have a stiffened ring-shaped opening, and are designed to be inserted into the vagina. The female condom also contains an inner ring which keeps the condom in place inside the vagina - inserting the female condom requires squeezing this ring. Sales of these have been disappointing in developed countries, though increasingly developing countries are using them to complement already existing family planning and HIV/AIDS programming. Probable causes for poor sales are that inserting the female condom is a skill that has to be learned and that female condoms can be significantly more expensive than male condoms (upwards of 2 or 3 times the cost). Also, reported "rustling" sounds during intercourse turn off some potential users, as does the visibility of the outer ring which remains outside the vagina. This type of condom is made from polyurethane, though newer iterations are made from nitrile. In September 2005, the primary global manufacturer of female condoms - the Female Health Company of Chicago, Illinois - announced[http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=155037] the introduction of a second-generation FC2 Female Condom made from nitrile. The Female Health Company noted that the second-generation nitrile female condom performs statistically the same as its polyurethane precursor in preventing the transmission of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and unintended pregnancy. The nitrile female condom has also been designed to mitigate the "rustling" noise that some consumers have attributed to the polyurethane female condom. The nitrile material of the second-generation female condom will also allow for significant reductions in female condom pricing because it can be produced with a new manufacturing process that allows for efficient economies of scale when made in mass quantities. On November 22, 2005, the World YWCA issued an [http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=158769=an international Call to Action] for the Female Condom that called on national health ministries and international donors to commit to purchasing 180 million female condoms for global distribution in 2006. The World YWCA statement, which was signed by General Secretary Musimbi Kanyoro and World YWCA affiliates in six African nations, noted that the female condom is the only available form of woman-initiated protection against HIV but remains virtually inaccessible to women in the developing world due to its high unit cost of 72 cents per female condom. The World YWCA noted that if the global public health sector will commit to buying at least 180 million female condoms in bulk, the price of the female condom will immediately decline by more than two-thirds - to 22 cents per female condom. Currently, only 12 million female condoms are distributed to women in the developing world on an annual basis. By comparison, between 6 and 9 billion male condoms are distributed. Female condoms have the advantage of being compatible with oil-based lubricants as they are not made of latex. The external genitals of the wearer and the base of the penis of the inserting partner are more protected than when the male condom is used. Inserting a female condom does not require male erection. (Boston Women's Healthbook Collective, 2005: 336-337) The instructions for use of female condoms are of necessity different from those of male condoms, since they are inserted rather than worn, and designed to drape around the penis, rather than to fit tightly over it. They are as follows:
- The condom should be removed carefully from the packaging;
- The small inner ring should be squeezed closed;
- The inner ring should be pushed into the vagina, the outer ring remaining outside;
- The penis should be guided through the outer ring to ensure that it is not pushed aside.
- Before removing the condom, the outer ring should be squeezed and twisted (while the wearer is still lying down, if applicable) to ensure that semen does not leak out of the pouch. Pull to remove the condom.
- Any "rustling" can be counteracted by applying extra lubricant to the inside of the condom; this is also the course of action to take if the outer ring is pulled into the vagina during intercourse. (Boston Women's Health Book Collective, 2005: 337-338) A new, updated female condom is being developed by PATH, a medical technologies NGO, that would be easier to put in as well as less awkward to use. [http://www.path.org/projects/womans_condom.php] A second iteration of the original female condom is also in development by the Female Health Company that would be cheaper and easier to use.[http://www.femalehealth.com/pdf/FHCAR2004.pdf]

"French Letter"

Condom is sometimes considered a clinical expression. In Britain a condom is also named a French letter, much like the colloquial German word for a condom, "Pariser". The English phrase "French letter" expresses the old image (or prejudice of Brits) that whenever there´s anything coming from France it is decadent and has to do with sex. According to British military history, a Britain´s Royal Guards Colonel named Condum, in 17th century (when Anglo-Fench enmity was at its mutual height) devised the French letter to protect his troops from the French by using it. According to colloquial French, however, a condom is named an "English letter".

Religious attitudes towards use of condoms

:Main article: Religious and cultural attitudes toward birth control Condoms and other mechanisms of contraception, along with abortion, are condemned by the Roman Catholic Church, some conservative Protestants, and many Hindus for moral reasons relating to their beliefs regarding the purpose of the sexual faculty. Opinions of Orthodox Christian bishops, Jewish authorities, Muslims, Buddhists, and many Christian denominations vary on the matter. Condemnations of contraception are typically based on the belief that sex has both procreative and unitive aspects; and that to restrict the procreative aspect requires grave matter and should be practiced through natural family planning (NFP) methods such as the Billings or sympto-thermal methods. Religious approval is often based on the belief that the choice of contraceptive use lies with individual conscience, or is not significantly different from natural family planning to warrant condemnation; while other religious authorities view contraception from the angle of stewardship of the Earth, viewing overpopulation abatement as part of good stewardship and contraception (including limiting sexual activity) as serving this purpose. Groups such as Planned Parenthood, which advocate family planning and sexual education, feel that religious opposition confounds attempts at public contraceptive education, which they see as a necessity to help prevent unwanted pregnancies or the spread of STDs. At the same time, religious opponents to contraceptive use often oppose public contraceptive education or the availability of contraceptives such as condoms at schools on the grounds that education in sexuality should remain a personal affair, or that sexual education programs should exclusively teach abstinence. Other religious groups do not oppose contraceptive education but believe that abstinence should be given a greater focus in such programs.

Social Factors Influencing Condom Use

Most research has revealed, through survey, four factors which establish the minimal use of condoms: various encumbering beliefs, reduced sexual pleasure, adverse experiences, and fears related to gender and tensions. However, as new technology and beneficial studies come forth that combat these various factors, there is still a substantially low amount of individuals world-wide who practice safe sex. This noticeable gap has lead several investigators to analyze perhaps social factors becoming involved such as a residual social stigma attached to condoms. At the same time, anti-condom movements like barebacking are remarkable social trends of simple, yet unsafe, defiance or an unnecessary precaution. In broad detail, social factors range from geographical location to race, and become as specified as methamphetamine versus non-drug users, so correlations within this research are not always strong and accurate, but it does establish that correlations do exist.

Geographic Location

Several regions provide examples of social factors influencing the use of condoms within their populous. Two examples which contrast the effects of similar problems are South Africa and rural Lebanon. Unfortunately, South Africa has some of the highest HIV rates in the world, so there the statistics on condom use are being studied heavily. As of 2001, the 21-25 year age group has the peak rate of infection at 43.1% (Campbell & MacPhail 2001). These studies became more specified and it was discovered that despite all the information known today about HIV and the spread of infection, many young people of the study did not feel that they were in danger of contracting this disease. In fact, only 30% of people, males and females, felt they had any risk of contracting HIV at all. Of those that said they felt there was any chance of contracting HIV, only 12.9% thought there was a moderate chance, and 17.6% thought they had a good chance of infection. It seems that even though the youth of South Africa do have a relatively high level of knowledge concerning the risk factors of getting HIV, many feel that is simply won't happen to them. Many of the factors found in South Africa apply to well developed countries of the world and these new findings hopefully will help shape future campaigns against decreased condom use in the future. Another end of the spectrum are the rural areas of Lebanon in the Middle East. Generally, the use of condoms and other forms of contraceptives in the Middle East is low even though there is a growing awareness of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS (Kulczycki, 2004). A study revealed that only twenty-four percent of the women in the regions ever used a condom. A household survey was also done on condom use which found that ninety-eight percent of women had indeed heard of contraceptive methods, but only eighty-five percent of the women had heard of condoms. Some things to keep in mind also are that women in this culture are not expected to have knowledge or express openly knowledge of contraceptives or even sexuality. Also some background that is needed on the group surveyed is that the marital fertility rate of the surveyed women were about five children per woman, and each of the women had a different level of education. About sixty-one percent had intermediate-level education, twenty percent had a primary education, and eighteen percent had trouble reading or could not read at all. This provides evidence that condom use varies dependant on social factors like the area’s cultural background and education. It should be noted that largely the variances in geographical location are highly affected by culture and cultural beliefs, as well as class and race, but also have dynamic influences resounding from economic yield for the area, use and expansion of communication, and other criteria. These social factors can again be examined in South Africa and rural Lebanon: An example is that in South Africa, it was discovered (Campbell & MacPhail 2001) that condom availability is a problem for young adults. Although condoms are given away by local clinics, many participants stated that there are instances when they found themselves without condoms because they never know when they are going to need one. Thus, this higher economic region has properly developed health services; they are just not being properly utilized by the public. Opposing in the lower economic region of rural Lebanon, another reason for the lack of condom use is that public health services and family planning services are very inadequately developed. A health service that is trying to help is the Lebanese Family Planning Association but their funding is very limited and recently they have not been able to increase its budget to promote more complete reproductive health service. Despite these specific social factors contributing to the differences between these regions and others, most research has identified issues such as trust and gender power in relationships and others as socially relevant to almost all countries worldwide.

Drug Use

The use of methamphetamines is shown to dramatically increase one’s desire to have sex, which can lead to unwanted pregnancy and/or the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Some injection drug users allege to have changed their sexual behavior since the AIDS pandemic, but still a relatively few percentage (6% - 44%) of injectors use condoms while averaging twelve partners per year. Amphetamine use has been associated with stronger sexual excitement, longer duration of intercourse, and intensified orgasms among male injectors. A study showed that methamphetamine users entering treatment had three times the prevalence of HIV than other drug users. Only 99 of 699 male Out-of-Treatment Injection Drug Users (OTIDUs) that took part in the study reported to have always used a condom. Of the 232 women OTIDUs, 22 claimed their male partner always used a condom. However, when the study was restricted to methamphetamine users only, these numbers dropped to a mere one third and one fourth of the above statistics, respectively. From this research (Grant, Patterson, Semple, 2004), correlations can be drawn through profiling methamphetamine users against non users as specific relationships can be drawn. While not always, drug abuse will often identify a lower economic status as well as certain minority groups which could add other specific social factors that are need further research to make better correlations.

Anti-Condom Trends

There are several situations and groups who knowingly choose to not use a condom during sex for various reasons. The two largest groups currently studied are the barebacking group and the current baby boomer generation. Barebacking is depicted as a conscious decision by gay men. Research from Michele L. Crossley on bare-backing reveals that the gay community had an increasingly hostile and skeptical stance towards the continuing and relentless efforts of the health promoters. Thus a sect of the gay community began to have unsafe sex not only for previous reasons, but also as a kind of symbolic act of rebellion and transgression. An idea began to develop that one of the main reasons why some gay men feel drawn to 'risky' sexual practices is because they provide a psychological feeling of rebellion against dominant social values, which, in turn, creates a sense of freedom, independence and protest. To have unsafe sex is an act of 'self expression', 'enlightenment' and 'empowerment'. The person doing the 'barebacking' 'prides' himself on the performance of conscious, premeditated unprotected intercourse. Another problem associated with technological progress is antibiotics as they provided an alternative to safe sex. Since simple antibiotics were discovered to clear up STDs, much of the gay community believed themselves invulnerable to many diseases and again reinforced their barebacking ideals. The "baby boomer" generation also acts in a similar fashion of a predetermined choice not to use condoms during sex. Studies have shown baby boomers are increasingly contracting sexually transmitted infections because they choose not to wear condoms. Many have been married and separated and now have random sexual partners (Watt, 2005). Since the women are no longer capable of becoming pregnant, they do not see the large risk in not protecting themselves, and thus the importance of a condom becomes minimal. Also, since many of them have just come out of a long term relationship, they are starting over and they are too uncomfortable with their new partner to ask them to use a condom.

References

Boston Women's Health Book Collective, 2005. Our Bodies, Ourselves: A New Edition for a New Era. New York: Touchstone. MacPhail, Catherine and Campbell, Catherine (2001 Jun). “I think condoms are good but, aai, I hate those things: condom use among adolescents and young people in a Southern African township.” Social Science and Medicine, 2001, 52, 11, 1613-1627 Kulczycki, Andrzej. "The Sociocultural context of condom use within marriage in rural Lebanon. Studies in Family Planning 35.4 (Dec 2004): 246(15). Crossley, Michele L. (2004). "Making sense of 'barebacking': Gay men's Narratives, unsafe sex and the 'resistance habitus'. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 225-244. Watt, Emily (2005 April 24). "Older Adults Shy Away From Safe Sex Advice". The Sunday Star-Times (Auckland, New Zealand). Semple, S.J., Patterson, T.L., & Grant, I. (2004). Determinants of condom use stage of change among heterosexually-identified methamphetamine users. AIDS & Behavior, 8 (4), 391-400.

External links

- [http://www.plannedparenthood.org Planned Parenthood of America] — Provides information and training for all forms of birth control from their website and locations across the U.S.
- [http://www.fhi.org/en/topics/condoms Condom Research from FHI] - Family Health International's topic page on condoms.
- [http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/condoms.htm Fact sheet on condoms and sexually transmitted diseases] - from the US Center for Disease Control
- [http://www.condomania.com Condomania (commercial) website] — including They Fit - condoms available in a wide variety of lengths and widths with a print-out size chart.
- [http://www.hotrodcondoms.com Hot Rod Condoms (manufacturer) website] — Makers of the first condom fitted with an easy-on applicator.
- [http://www.condomhall-condoms.org CondomHall Condoms (commercial) website] — Provides condoms and condom education to students. It includes condom facts and how to put on a condom. It has ways to get free condoms.
- [http://www.condomusa.com Condom USA (commercial) website] — Provides free condoms to the public. It includes all the condoms that are available in US. It has description and picture of each condom.
- [http://www.condomchoice.co.uk Condoms UK (commercial) website] — A range of condoms available to those in the UK.
- [http://www.leroidelacapote.com Condoms FR (commercial) website] — A range of condoms available to those in France.
- [http://www.gayhealth.com/templates/108846116727858