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| Internal Oblique |
Internal obliqueThe internal oblique (or "Obliquus internus abdominis") is the intermediate muscle of the abdomen, lying just underneath the external oblique and just above (superficial to) the transverse abdominal muscle. It's fibers run perpendicular to the external oblique, beginning in the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back, the anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest (upper part of hip bone) and the lateral half of the inguinal ligament. The muscle fibers run from these points superiomedially (up and towards midline) to the muscle's insertions on the inferior borders of the 10th thru 12th ribs and the linea alba (abdominal midline seam.)
It performs two major functions. Firstly, it acts as an antagonist (opponent) to the diaphragm, helping to reduce the volume of the thoracic (chest) cavity during exhalation. When the diaphragm contracts, it pulls the lower wall of the chest cavity down, increasing the volume of the lungs which then fill with air. Conversely, when the internal obliques contract they compress the organs of the abdomen, pushing them up into the diaphragm which intrudes back into the chest cavity reducing the volume of the air filled lungs, producing an exhalation.
Secondly, its contraction rotates and side-bends the trunk by pulling the rib cage and midline towards the hip and lower back, of the same side. It acts with the external oblique of the opposite side to achieve this torsional movement of the truck. For example, the right internal oblique and the left external oblique contract as the torso flexes and rotates to bring the left shoulder towards the right hip. For this reason, the internal obliques are referred to as "same side rotators."
References
- Moore, Keith L; & Dalley Arthur R (2006). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0781736390.
- [http://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/abdominal.html]
External oblique
The Obliquus externus abdominis muscle (or "external oblique") is a muscle of the human body.
External links
- [http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/exab.htm LUC]
- [http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/musclelegs.html#obturator%20externus PTCentral]
External oblique
The Obliquus externus abdominis muscle (or "external oblique") is a muscle of the human body.
External links
- [http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/exab.htm LUC]
- [http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/musclelegs.html#obturator%20externus PTCentral]
Thoracolumbar fascia
Fascia is specialized connective tissue layer which surrounds muscles, bones, and joints, providing support and protection and giving structure to the body. It consists of three layers: the superficial fascia, the deep fascia and the subserous fascia.
- The Superficial Fascia is located directly under the subcutis of the skin. Its functions include the storage of fat and water and it also provides passageways for nerves and blood vessels. In some areas of the body, it also houses a layer of skeletal muscle, allowing for movement of the skin.
- The Deep Fascia is beneath the superficial fascia. It aids muscle movements and, like the superficial fascia, provides passageways for nerves and blood vessels. In some areas of the body, it also provides an attachment site for muscles and acts as a cushioning layer between them.
- The Subserous Fascia is between the deep fascia and the membranes lining the cavities of the body. There is a potential space between it and the deep fascia which allows for flexibility and movement of the internal organs.
See also
- Plantar fascia
Category:Muscular system
Iliac crest
The pelvis is the bony structure located at the base of the spine (properly known as the caudal end). The pelvis incorporates the socket portion of the hip joint for each leg (in bipeds) or hind leg (in quadrupeds). It forms the lower limb (or hind-limb) girdle of the skeleton.
The pelvis is symmetrical and each side is actually made up of three separate bones — the upper half (the broad "wings") is the ilium; the middle (the top half of the lower "loops") is the pubis, and the bottom (the lower half of the "loops") is the ischium.
These three bones fuse together with age and are collectively known as the hip bone, ossa coxae or the innominate bone. The pelvis is joined to the sacrum bone by ligaments (the sacroiliac joint), and the hip bones nest in specially shaped sockets (the acetabulum) on each side. The upper edge of the ilium is known as the iliac crest. The place at the front of the pelvis where the two sides join together is called the symphysis pubis. This is normally a very inflexible joint, but it softens and becomes more flexible during late pregnancy, allowing it to expand during labour for the baby's head to pass through. A female pelvis is also wider and shallower than a male pelvis.
A well-known way of determining the sex of a pelvis is to compare the angle of the width of the frontal opening to one's hand. If the angle is about the same as between the outstretched thumb and index finger, it is a female pelvis (arcus
pubis). If it is closer to the angle between the spread index and middle fingers, it is a male pelvis (arcus subpubis).
The pelvis protects the digestive and reproductive organs in the lower part of the body, and many large nerves and blood vessels pass through it to supply the legs. It is also an important load-bearing part of the skeletal system.
See also
- Bone terminology
- Terms for anatomical location
- Hip fracture
Category:Pelvis
Category:Skeletal system
Inguinal ligamentThe inguinal ligament is a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. Its anatomy is very important for operating on hernia patients.
It forms the base of the inguinal canal which is the place from where the inguinal hernia develops.
The inguinal ligament runs from the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine of the Illium to the Pubic Tubercle of the Pubic Bone. It is formed by the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis and is continuous with the fascia latae of the thigh.
The inguinal ligament is also know as Colle's ligament, as it was extensively studied by the Irish surgeon, Abraham Colles.
DiaphragmA diaphragm is some sort of separating membrane. This gives rise to several meanings:
- diaphragm (acoustics), a thin, semi-rigid membrane attached to the central magnet that produces sound in a loudspeaker
- diaphragm (anatomy), a shelf of muscle extending across the bottom of the ribcage of mammals
- diaphragm (contraceptive), a small rubber dome placed in the vagina to wall off the cervix, thus preventing sperm from entering
- diaphragm (mechanics), a sheet of a semi-flexible material anchored at its periphery
- diaphragm (optics), an opening in the lightpath of a lens or objective that can regulate the amount of light that passes
- Diaphragm seal
DiaphragmA diaphragm is some sort of separating membrane. This gives rise to several meanings:
- diaphragm (acoustics), a thin, semi-rigid membrane attached to the central magnet that produces sound in a loudspeaker
- diaphragm (anatomy), a shelf of muscle extending across the bottom of the ribcage of mammals
- diaphragm (contraceptive), a small rubber dome placed in the vagina to wall off the cervix, thus preventing sperm from entering
- diaphragm (mechanics), a sheet of a semi-flexible material anchored at its periphery
- diaphragm (optics), an opening in the lightpath of a lens or objective that can regulate the amount of light that passes
- Diaphragm seal
Internal obliqueThe internal oblique (or "Obliquus internus abdominis") is the intermediate muscle of the abdomen, lying just underneath the external oblique and just above (superficial to) the transverse abdominal muscle. It's fibers run perpendicular to the external oblique, beginning in the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back, the anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest (upper part of hip bone) and the lateral half of the inguinal ligament. The muscle fibers run from these points superiomedially (up and towards midline) to the muscle's insertions on the inferior borders of the 10th thru 12th ribs and the linea alba (abdominal midline seam.)
It performs two major functions. Firstly, it acts as an antagonist (opponent) to the diaphragm, helping to reduce the volume of the thoracic (chest) cavity during exhalation. When the diaphragm contracts, it pulls the lower wall of the chest cavity down, increasing the volume of the lungs which then fill with air. Conversely, when the internal obliques contract they compress the organs of the abdomen, pushing them up into the diaphragm which intrudes back into the chest cavity reducing the volume of the air filled lungs, producing an exhalation.
Secondly, its contraction rotates and side-bends the trunk by pulling the rib cage and midline towards the hip and lower back, of the same side. It acts with the external oblique of the opposite side to achieve this torsional movement of the truck. For example, the right internal oblique and the left external oblique contract as the torso flexes and rotates to bring the left shoulder towards the right hip. For this reason, the internal obliques are referred to as "same side rotators."
References
- Moore, Keith L; & Dalley Arthur R (2006). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0781736390.
- [http://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/abdominal.html]
External oblique
The Obliquus externus abdominis muscle (or "external oblique") is a muscle of the human body.
External links
- [http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/exab.htm LUC]
- [http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/musclelegs.html#obturator%20externus PTCentral]
Nose
:The Nose is a story by Gogol and an opera by Dmitri Shostakovich.
:Nose is a town in Japan.
Anatomically, a nose is a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration. In most mammals, it also houses the nosehairs, which catch airborne particles and prevent them from reaching the lungs. Within and behind the nose is the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout. Nose as a term may be used to designate the leading end of anything, such as an airplane.
As an interface between the body and the external world, the nose and associated structures frequently perform additional functions concerned with conditioning entering air (for instance, by warming and/or humidifying it) and by reclaiming moisture from the air before it is exhaled (as occurs most efficiently in camels).
In most mammals, the nose is the primary organ for smelling. As the animal sniffs, the air flows through the nose and over structures called turbinates in the nasal cavity. The turbulence caused by this disruption slows the air and directs it toward the olfactory epithelium. At the surface of the olfactory epithelium, odor molecules carried by the air contact olfactory receptor neurons which transduce the features of the molecule into electrical impulses in the brain.
In cetaceans, the nose has been reduced to the nostrils, which have migrated to the top of the head, producing a more streamlined body shape and the ability to breathe while mostly submerged. Conversely, the elephant's nose has become elaborated into a long, muscular, manipulative organ called the trunk.
elephant noses]]
Due to the special nature of the blood supply to the human nose and surrounding area, it is possible for retrograde infections from the nasal area to spread to the brain. For this reason, the area from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose, including the nose and maxilla, is known to doctors as the danger triangle of the face.
All humans have a trace amount of magnetite in their noses, found in the ethmoid bone (between the eyes), possibly part of a rudimentary compass to allow direction finding relative to the earth's magnetic field. The human magnetoception is still very controversial, but some studies show that some people have the ability to orient themselves-even when blindfolded and removed from such external clues as sunlight-to within a few degrees of the North Pole, exactly as a compass does.
References
# Physical Science Activities Manual: [http://www.utm.edu/departments/ed/cece/cesme/PSAM/PSAM/psam33.pdf Univ. of Tennessee at Martin]
See also
- WikiSaurus:nose — the WikiSaurus list of synonyms and slang words for the nose in many languages
- sneeze
- photic sneeze reflex
- nose-picking
- nosebleed
- Little's area
- olfactory system
- mucus
External link
- [http://www.webmd.com/content/article/7/1680_51928.htm WebMD: The Sinuses and The Nose]
Category:Head and neck
Category:Respiratory system
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